Small overview of HoloViz capability of data exploration

This notebook is intended to present a small overview of HoloViz and the capability for data exploration, with interactive plots (show difference between matplotlib and bokeh). Many parts are based on or copied from the official HoloViz Tutorial (highly recommended for a more extensive overview of the possibilities of HoloViz).

Note: In June 2019 the project name changed from PyViz to HoloViz. The reason for this is explained in this blog post.

HoloViz Packages used for this notebook


Exploring Pandas Dataframes

If your data is in a Pandas dataframe, it’s natural to explore it using the .plot() method (based on Matplotlib). Let’s have a look at some automatic weather station data from Langenferner:

import pandas as pd
url = 'https://cluster.klima.uni-bremen.de/~oggm/tutorials/aws_data_Langenferner_UTC+2.csv'
df = pd.read_csv(url, index_col=0, parse_dates=True)
df.head()
TEMP RH SWIN SWOUT LWIN LWOUT WINDSPEED WINDDIR PRESSURE
2013-07-13 00:00:00 1.634333 67.595753 0.0 0.0 212.744817 303.656833 4.436833 211.533333 692.622250
2013-07-13 01:00:00 1.388667 68.150512 0.0 0.0 209.781683 302.588717 5.544000 206.166667 692.395683
2013-07-13 02:00:00 1.064500 66.853977 0.0 0.0 207.234933 300.872133 5.573167 210.750000 692.200800
2013-07-13 03:00:00 0.985167 55.827547 0.0 0.0 207.913533 295.684267 3.970167 203.250000 692.163967
2013-07-13 04:00:00 1.155333 43.371014 0.0 0.0 211.513517 292.688400 3.267000 203.366667 692.001667

Just calling .plot() won’t give anything meaningful, because of the different magnitudes of the parameters:

df.plot();
../_images/holoviz_intro_7_0.png

Of course we can have a look at one variable only:

df.TEMP.plot();
../_images/holoviz_intro_9_0.png

This creates a static plot using matplotlib. With this approach we also can make some further explorations, like calculating the monthly mean temperature:

dfm = df.resample('m').mean()
dfm.TEMP.plot();
../_images/holoviz_intro_11_0.png

We can see the course of the parameter but we can not tell what was the exact temperature at January and we also cannot zoom in.

Exploring Data with hvPlot and Bokeh

If we are using hvplot instead we can create interactive plots with the same plotting API:

you might need to install first hvplot via e.g. conda install -c pyviz hvplot

import hvplot.pandas

df.TEMP.hvplot()

Now you have an interactive plot using bokeh with zooming option and hover with additional information (get the exact values and timestamps), also possible for all variables but again not very meaningful:

plot = df.hvplot()
plot

But at least you can use your mouse to hover over each variable and explore their values. Furthermore, by clicking on the legend the colors can be switched on/off. Still, different magnitudes make it hard to see all parameters at once.

Here the interactive features are provided by the Bokeh JavaScript-based plotting library. But what’s actually returned by this call is a overlay of something called a HoloViews object, here specifically a HoloViews Curve. HoloViews objects display as a Bokeh plot, but they are actually much richer objects that make it easy to capture your understanding as you explore the data.

print(plot)
:NdOverlay   [Variable]
   :Curve   [index]   (value)

This object can be converted to a HoloMap object (using the HoloViews Package and declare bokeh to use for plotting) to create a widget that can be used to select the variables from.

import holoviews as hv
hv.extension('bokeh')
holo_plot = hv.HoloMap(plot)
print(holo_plot)
:HoloMap   [Variable]
   :Curve   [index]   (value)
holo_plot.opts(width=700, height=500)

But first have a look at the HoloViews Objects.

HoloViews Objects

Creating a simple HoloViews Object:

import numpy as np
xs = np.arange(-10, 10.5, 0.5)
ys = 100 - xs**2
df_xy = pd.DataFrame(dict(x=xs, y=ys))

simple_curve = hv.Curve(df_xy, 'x', 'y')
print(simple_curve)
:Curve   [x]   (y)

:Curve [x] (y) is HoloViews’s shorthand for saying that the data in df_xy is a set of samples from a continuous function y of one independent variable x, and simple_curve simply pairs your dataframe df_xy with this semantic declaration.

Once we’ve captured this crucial bit of metadata, HoloViews now knows enough about this object to represent it graphically, as it will do by default in a Jupyter notebook:

simple_curve

This Bokeh plot is much more convenient to examine than a column of numbers, because it conveys the entire set of data in a compact, easily appreciated, interactively explorable format. HoloViews knew that a continuous curve like this is the right representation for what would otherwise be just a table of numbers, because we explicitly declared the element type as hv.Curve. Crucially, simple_curve itself is not a plot, it’s just a simple wrapper around your data that happens to have a convenient graphical representation. The full dataframe will always be available as simple_curve.data, for any numerical computations you would like to do:

simple_curve.data.tail()
x y
36 8.0 36.00
37 8.5 27.75
38 9.0 19.00
39 9.5 9.75
40 10.0 0.00

As you can see, with HoloViews you don’t have to select between plotting your data and working with it numerically. Any HoloViews object will let you do both conveniently; you can simply choose whatever representation is the most appropriate way to approach the task you are doing. This approach is very different from a traditional plotting program, where the objects you create (e.g. a Matplotlib figure or a native Bokeh plot) are a dead end from an analysis perspective, useful only for plotting.

HoloViews Elements

Holoview objects merge the visualization with the data. For an Holoview object you have to classify what the data is showing. A Holoview object could be initialised in several ways:

hv.Element(data, kdims=None, vdims=None, **kwargs)

This standard signature consists of the same five types of information:

  • Element: any of the dozens of element types shown in the reference gallery.

  • data: your data in one of a number of formats described below, such as tabular dataframes or multidimensional gridded Xarray or Numpy arrays.

  • kdims: “key dimension(s)”, also called independent variables or index dimensions in other contexts—the values for which your data was measured.

  • vdims: “value dimension(s)”, also called dependent variables or measurements—what was measured or recorded for each value of the key dimensions.

  • kwargs: optional keyword arguments specific to that Element type (rarely needed).

Elements could be for example Curve, Scatter, Area and also different ways of declaring the key dimension(s) and value dimension(s) are shown below:

(hv.Curve(df_xy, kdims=('x','x_label'), vdims=('y','y_label'))  +  
 hv.Scatter((xs,ys)).redim.label(x='x_label', y='ylabel')  +  
 hv.Area({'x':xs,'y':ys}))

The example also shows two ways of labeling the variables, one is directly by the initialisation with tuples ('x','x_label') and ('y','y_label') and a other option is to use .redim.label().

The example above also shows the simple syntax to create a layout of different Holoview Objects by using +. With * you can simply overlay the objects in one plot:

from holoviews import opts

(hv.Curve(df_xy, 'x', 'y') * 
 hv.VLine(5).opts(color='black') * 
 hv.HLine(75).opts(color='red'))

With .opts() you can change some characteristics of the Holoview Objects and you can use the [tab] key completion to see, what options are available or you can use the hv.help() function to get more information about some Elements.

# hv.help(hv.Curve)

So now we can use some Holoview object for the data exploration for the glacier data. We create a Layout with some subplots for the different parameters. With opts.defaults() we can change some default properties of the different HoloView Elements, here we activate the hover tool for all Curve elements. Try to zoom into one plot!

opts.defaults(opts.Curve(tools=['hover']))

(hv.Curve(df, 'index', 'TEMP') + 
 hv.Curve(df,'index','RH') + 
 hv.Curve(df,'index','SWIN').opts(color='darkorange') * hv.Curve(df,'index','SWOUT').opts(color='red') +
 hv.Curve(df,'index','LWIN').opts(color='darkorange') * hv.Curve(df,'index','LWOUT').opts(color='red') +
 hv.Curve(df,'index','WINDSPEED') + 
 hv.Curve(df,'index','WINDDIR')).cols(3).opts(opts.Curve(width=300, height=200))

So here we created a Curve Element for some Parameters and put them together in subplots by using + and overlay some in one subplot with *. With .opts() I define the color of some parameters and set the width and height propertie for the used Curve Elements and with .cols() I define the number of columns.

Now we can zoom in and use a hover for data exploration and because all Holoview Objects using the same dataframe and the same key variable the x-axes of all plots are linked. So when you zoom in in one plot all the other plots are zoomed in as well.

HoloView Dataset and HoloMap Objects

A HoloViews Dataset is similar to a HoloViews Element, without having any specific metadata that lets it visualize itself. A Dataset is useful for specifying a set of Dimensions that apply to the data, which will later be inherited by any visualizable elements that you create from the Dataset.

A HoloViews Dimension is the same concept as a dependent or independent variable in mathematics. In HoloViews such variables are called value dimensions and key dimensions (respectively). So lets take again our glacier pandas DataFrame and create a HoloView Dataset. Beforehand we define some new columns for the date. Then we create our HoloView DataFrame with the key variables (independent) month, year and day_hour. The remaining columns will automatically be inferred to be value (dependent) dimensions:

df['month'] = df.index.month
df['year'] = df.index.year
df['day_hour'] = df.index.day + df.index.hour/24
df['timestamp'] = df.index.strftime('%d.%m.%Y %H:%M')

df_month = hv.Dataset(df, ['month', 'year', 'day_hour'])
df_month = df_month.redim.label(day_hour='day of month')
df_month
:Dataset   [month,year,day_hour]   (TEMP,RH,SWIN,SWOUT,LWIN,LWOUT,WINDSPEED,WINDDIR,PRESSURE,timestamp)

Out of this Dataset we now can create a Holomap with .to. The .to method of a Dataset takes up to four main arguments:

  1. The element you want to convert to

  2. The key dimensions (i.e., independent variables) to display

  3. The dependent variables to display, if any

  4. The dimensions to group by, if nothing given the remaining key variables are used

slider = df_month.to(hv.Curve, ['day_hour'], ['TEMP', 'RH', 'SWIN', 'timestamp'])
slider = slider.opts(width=600, height=400, tools=['hover'])
print(slider)
:HoloMap   [month,year]
   :Curve   [day_hour]   (TEMP,RH,SWIN,timestamp)

We now created a HoloMap with to grouped variables [month, year], one key variable [day_hour] and five dependent variables (TEMP, RH, SWIN, WINDSPEED, timestamp). Now look at the visualisation (some months/year pairs are missing and cannot be visualized):

slider

We see that a widget was created where we can choose the 'month' and the 'year' (the two grouped variables). The plot is showing the 'day_hour' (key) variable against the first dependent variable 'TEMP'. The other dependent variables are not shown but their values are displayed in the hover.

For a better comparison we also can look at grouped variables at once when we use .overlay():

overlay = df_month.to(hv.Curve, ['day_hour'], ['TEMP', 'RH', 'SWIN','WINDSPEED','timestamp']).overlay()
overlay = overlay.opts(width=800, height=500, tools=['hover'])
overlay.opts(opts.NdOverlay(legend_muted=True, legend_position='left'))
print(overlay)
:NdOverlay   [month,year]
   :Curve   [day_hour]   (TEMP,RH,SWIN,WINDSPEED,timestamp)

Here we are creating an NdOverlay Object which is similar to a HoloMap, but has a different visualisation:

overlay

Here now no widget is created, instead there is a interactive legend where we can turn the color on by clicking in the legend on it. So we can compare the months with each other (for example the same month in different years).

It is also easy to look at some mean values, for example looking at mean diurnal values for each month and year you can use .aggregate, which combine the values after the given function:

df['hour'] = df.index.hour
df_mean = hv.Dataset(df, ['month', 'year', 'hour']).aggregate(function=np.mean)
df_mean = df_mean.redim.label(hour='hour of the day')
print(df_mean)
:Dataset   [month,year,hour]   (TEMP,RH,SWIN,SWOUT,LWIN,LWOUT,WINDSPEED,WINDDIR,PRESSURE,day_hour)

.aggregate() uses the key variables and looks where all of them are the same. It uses the provided function (in the case above np.mean) to calculate new values. So in the above case we calculate mean daily cycles for each month and year. The calculated Dataset then can be displayed as we have seen it above.

slider = df_mean.to(hv.Curve, ['hour'], ['TEMP', 'RH', 'SWIN']).opts(width=600, height=400, tools=['hover'])
print(slider)
slider
:HoloMap   [month,year]
   :Curve   [hour]   (TEMP,RH,SWIN)
overlay = df_mean.to(hv.Curve, ['hour'], ['TEMP', 'RH', 'SWIN']).opts(width=600, height=400, tools=['hover']).overlay()
overlay.opts( opts.NdOverlay(legend_muted=True, legend_position='left'))
print(overlay)
overlay
:NdOverlay   [month,year]
   :Curve   [hour]   (TEMP,RH,SWIN)

Using GeoView for displaying geographical data

As a small example for using geoview I want to show how to display a shapefiles of glaciers in an interactive plot.

import geoviews as gv
import geopandas as gpd

you might have to install geoviews for that!

Tile sources

Tile sources are very convenient ways to provide geographic context for a plot and they will be familiar from the popular mapping services like Google Maps and Openstreetmap. The WMTS element provides an easy way to include such a tile source in your visualization simply by passing it a valid URL template. GeoViews provides a number of useful tile sources in the gv.tile_sources module:

import geoviews.tile_sources as gts

layout = gv.Layout([ts.relabel(name) for name, ts in gts.tile_sources.items()])
layout.opts('WMTS', xaxis=None, yaxis=None, width=225, height=225).cols(4)

To read the shape file geopandas could be used:

from oggm import utils
europe_glacier = gpd.read_file(utils.get_rgi_region_file('11', version='61'))
hintereisferner = europe_glacier[europe_glacier.Name == 'Hintereisferner'].geometry.iloc[0]

Then create a GeoViews Object with a GeoViews Element Shape, display it and put a gv.tile_sources in the background.

# hv.help(gv.Shape)
(gv.Shape(hintereisferner).opts(fill_color=None) *
 gts.tile_sources['EsriImagery']).opts(width=800, height=500)
/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/geoviews/util.py:347: ShapelyDeprecationWarning: The 'array_interface_base' property is deprecated and will be removed in Shapely 2.0.
  if not geom.geom_type.startswith('Multi') and hasattr(geom, 'array_interface_base'):
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py in __call__(self, obj, include, exclude)
    968 
    969             if method is not None:
--> 970                 return method(include=include, exclude=exclude)
    971             return None
    972         else:

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/core/dimension.py in _repr_mimebundle_(self, include, exclude)
   1314         combined and returned.
   1315         """
-> 1316         return Store.render(self)
   1317 
   1318 

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/core/options.py in render(cls, obj)
   1403         data, metadata = {}, {}
   1404         for hook in hooks:
-> 1405             ret = hook(obj)
   1406             if ret is None:
   1407                 continue

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/ipython/display_hooks.py in pprint_display(obj)
    280     if not ip.display_formatter.formatters['text/plain'].pprint:
    281         return None
--> 282     return display(obj, raw_output=True)
    283 
    284 

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/ipython/display_hooks.py in display(obj, raw_output, **kwargs)
    250     elif isinstance(obj, (CompositeOverlay, ViewableElement)):
    251         with option_state(obj):
--> 252             output = element_display(obj)
    253     elif isinstance(obj, (Layout, NdLayout, AdjointLayout)):
    254         with option_state(obj):

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/ipython/display_hooks.py in wrapped(element)
    144         try:
    145             max_frames = OutputSettings.options['max_frames']
--> 146             mimebundle = fn(element, max_frames=max_frames)
    147             if mimebundle is None:
    148                 return {}, {}

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/ipython/display_hooks.py in element_display(element, max_frames)
    190         return None
    191 
--> 192     return render(element)
    193 
    194 

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/ipython/display_hooks.py in render(obj, **kwargs)
     66         renderer = renderer.instance(fig='png')
     67 
---> 68     return renderer.components(obj, **kwargs)
     69 
     70 

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/plotting/renderer.py in components(self, obj, fmt, comm, **kwargs)
    408                 doc = Document()
    409                 with config.set(embed=embed):
--> 410                     model = plot.layout._render_model(doc, comm)
    411                 if embed:
    412                     return render_model(model, comm)

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/panel/viewable.py in _render_model(self, doc, comm)
    453         if comm is None:
    454             comm = state._comm_manager.get_server_comm()
--> 455         model = self.get_root(doc, comm)
    456 
    457         if config.embed:

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/panel/viewable.py in get_root(self, doc, comm, preprocess)
    510         """
    511         doc = init_doc(doc)
--> 512         root = self._get_model(doc, comm=comm)
    513         if preprocess:
    514             self._preprocess(root)

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/panel/layout/base.py in _get_model(self, doc, root, parent, comm)
    120         if root is None:
    121             root = model
--> 122         objects = self._get_objects(model, [], doc, root, comm)
    123         props = dict(self._init_params(), objects=objects)
    124         model.update(**self._process_param_change(props))

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/panel/layout/base.py in _get_objects(self, model, old_objects, doc, root, comm)
    110             else:
    111                 try:
--> 112                     child = pane._get_model(doc, root, model, comm)
    113                 except RerenderError:
    114                     return self._get_objects(model, current_objects[:i], doc, root, comm)

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/panel/pane/holoviews.py in _get_model(self, doc, root, parent, comm)
    237             plot = self.object
    238         else:
--> 239             plot = self._render(doc, comm, root)
    240 
    241         plot.pane = self

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/panel/pane/holoviews.py in _render(self, doc, comm, root)
    304                 kwargs['comm'] = comm
    305 
--> 306         return renderer.get_plot(self.object, **kwargs)
    307 
    308     def _cleanup(self, root):

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/plotting/bokeh/renderer.py in get_plot(self_or_cls, obj, doc, renderer, **kwargs)
     71         combining the bokeh model with another plot.
     72         """
---> 73         plot = super(BokehRenderer, self_or_cls).get_plot(obj, doc, renderer, **kwargs)
     74         if plot.document is None:
     75             plot.document = Document() if self_or_cls.notebook_context else curdoc()

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/plotting/renderer.py in get_plot(self_or_cls, obj, doc, renderer, comm, **kwargs)
    236             if isinstance(obj, AdjointLayout):
    237                 obj = Layout(obj)
--> 238             plot = self_or_cls.plotting_class(obj)(obj, renderer=renderer,
    239                                                    **plot_opts)
    240             defaults = [kd.default for kd in plot.dimensions]

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/geoviews/plotting/bokeh/plot.py in __init__(self, element, **params)
    187 
    188     def __init__(self, element, **params):
--> 189         super(GeoOverlayPlot, self).__init__(element, **params)
    190         self.geographic = any(element.traverse(is_geographic, [_Element]))
    191         if self.geographic:

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/geoviews/plotting/bokeh/plot.py in __init__(self, element, **params)
     62 
     63     def __init__(self, element, **params):
---> 64         super(GeoPlot, self).__init__(element, **params)
     65         self.geographic = is_geographic(self.hmap.last)
     66         if self.geographic and not isinstance(self.projection, (PlateCarree, Mercator)):

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/plotting/plot.py in __init__(self, overlay, ranges, batched, keys, group_counter, **params)
   1585 
   1586         # Apply data collapse
-> 1587         self.hmap = self._apply_compositor(self.hmap, ranges, self.keys)
   1588         self.map_lengths = Counter()
   1589         self.group_counter = Counter() if group_counter is None else group_counter

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/plotting/plot.py in _apply_compositor(self, holomap, ranges, keys, dimensions)
   1614                                         for key, slckey in zip(keys, sliced_keys) if slckey in holomap.data.keys()])
   1615         else:
-> 1616             mapwise_ranges = self.compute_ranges(holomap, None, None)
   1617             frame_ranges = OrderedDict([(key, self.compute_ranges(holomap, key, mapwise_ranges))
   1618                                         for key in holomap.data.keys()])

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/plotting/plot.py in compute_ranges(self, obj, key, ranges)
    642             if (not (axiswise and not isinstance(obj, HoloMap)) or
    643                 (not framewise and isinstance(obj, HoloMap))):
--> 644                 self._compute_group_range(group, elements, ranges, framewise,
    645                                           axiswise, robust, self.top_level,
    646                                           prev_frame)

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/plotting/plot.py in _compute_group_range(cls, group, elements, ranges, framewise, axiswise, robust, top_level, prev_frame)
    755                     data_range = ds.range(el_dim, dimension_range=False)
    756                 else:
--> 757                     data_range = el.range(el_dim, dimension_range=False)
    758 
    759                 data_ranges[(el, el_dim)] = data_range

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/core/data/__init__.py in pipelined_fn(*args, **kwargs)
    205 
    206             try:
--> 207                 result = method_fn(*args, **kwargs)
    208                 if PipelineMeta.disable:
    209                     return result

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/core/data/__init__.py in range(self, dim, data_range, dimension_range)
    515         elif all(util.isfinite(v) for v in dim.range) and dimension_range:
    516             return dim.range
--> 517         elif dim in self.dimensions() and data_range and bool(self):
    518             lower, upper = self.interface.range(self, dim)
    519         else:

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/core/data/__init__.py in __nonzero__(self)
   1076     def __nonzero__(self):
   1077         "Whether the Dataset contains any values"
-> 1078         return self.interface.nonzero(self)
   1079 
   1080     __bool__ = __nonzero__

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/core/data/interface.py in nonzero(cls, dataset)
    496     @classmethod
    497     def nonzero(cls, dataset):
--> 498         return bool(cls.length(dataset))
    499 
    500     @classmethod

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/geoviews/data/geom_dict.py in length(cls, dataset)
    184     @classmethod
    185     def length(cls, dataset):
--> 186         return geom_length(dataset.data['geometry'])
    187 
    188     @classmethod

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/geoviews/util.py in geom_length(geom)
    345     if hasattr(geom, 'exterior'):
    346         geom = geom.exterior
--> 347     if not geom.geom_type.startswith('Multi') and hasattr(geom, 'array_interface_base'):
    348         return len(geom.array_interface_base['data'])//2
    349     else:

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/geometry/base.py in array_interface_base(self)
    324             "removed in Shapely 2.0.",
    325             ShapelyDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
--> 326         return self._array_interface_base()
    327 
    328     @property

TypeError: 'dict' object is not callable
:Overlay
   .Shape.I :Shape   [Longitude,Latitude]
   .WMTS.I  :WMTS   [Longitude,Latitude]

The GeoViews Object and Element is similar to HoloViews Objects and Elements for geographical data.

print(gv.Shape(hintereisferner))
:Shape   [Longitude,Latitude]

And so similar a visualisation is stored for each GeoView Element, which can be used like an HoloView Object. So as a last example you also can plot all European glaciers in one interactive plot by using an Polygons Element of GeoViews:

(gv.Polygons(europe_glacier.geometry) * 
 gts.tile_sources['StamenTerrain']).opts(width=800, height=500)
/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/crs.py:825: ShapelyDeprecationWarning: __len__ for multi-part geometries is deprecated and will be removed in Shapely 2.0. Check the length of the `geoms` property instead to get the  number of parts of a multi-part geometry.
  if len(multi_line_string) > 1:
/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/crs.py:877: ShapelyDeprecationWarning: Iteration over multi-part geometries is deprecated and will be removed in Shapely 2.0. Use the `geoms` property to access the constituent parts of a multi-part geometry.
  for line in multi_line_string:
/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/crs.py:944: ShapelyDeprecationWarning: __len__ for multi-part geometries is deprecated and will be removed in Shapely 2.0. Check the length of the `geoms` property instead to get the  number of parts of a multi-part geometry.
  if len(p_mline) > 0:
/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/crs.py:825: ShapelyDeprecationWarning: __len__ for multi-part geometries is deprecated and will be removed in Shapely 2.0. Check the length of the `geoms` property instead to get the  number of parts of a multi-part geometry.
  if len(multi_line_string) > 1:
/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/crs.py:877: ShapelyDeprecationWarning: Iteration over multi-part geometries is deprecated and will be removed in Shapely 2.0. Use the `geoms` property to access the constituent parts of a multi-part geometry.
  for line in multi_line_string:
/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/crs.py:944: ShapelyDeprecationWarning: __len__ for multi-part geometries is deprecated and will be removed in Shapely 2.0. Check the length of the `geoms` property instead to get the  number of parts of a multi-part geometry.
  if len(p_mline) > 0:
/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/crs.py:825: ShapelyDeprecationWarning: __len__ for multi-part geometries is deprecated and will be removed in Shapely 2.0. Check the length of the `geoms` property instead to get the  number of parts of a multi-part geometry.
  if len(multi_line_string) > 1:
/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/crs.py:877: ShapelyDeprecationWarning: Iteration over multi-part geometries is deprecated and will be removed in Shapely 2.0. Use the `geoms` property to access the constituent parts of a multi-part geometry.
  for line in multi_line_string:
/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/cartopy/crs.py:944: ShapelyDeprecationWarning: __len__ for multi-part geometries is deprecated and will be removed in Shapely 2.0. Check the length of the `geoms` property instead to get the  number of parts of a multi-part geometry.
  if len(p_mline) > 0:
/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/geoviews/util.py:379: ShapelyDeprecationWarning: Iteration over multi-part geometries is deprecated and will be removed in Shapely 2.0. Use the `geoms` property to access the constituent parts of a multi-part geometry.
  for g in geom:
/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/geoviews/util.py:332: ShapelyDeprecationWarning: The 'array_interface_base' property is deprecated and will be removed in Shapely 2.0.
  arr = geom.array_interface_base['data']
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py in __call__(self, obj, include, exclude)
    968 
    969             if method is not None:
--> 970                 return method(include=include, exclude=exclude)
    971             return None
    972         else:

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/core/dimension.py in _repr_mimebundle_(self, include, exclude)
   1314         combined and returned.
   1315         """
-> 1316         return Store.render(self)
   1317 
   1318 

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/core/options.py in render(cls, obj)
   1403         data, metadata = {}, {}
   1404         for hook in hooks:
-> 1405             ret = hook(obj)
   1406             if ret is None:
   1407                 continue

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/ipython/display_hooks.py in pprint_display(obj)
    280     if not ip.display_formatter.formatters['text/plain'].pprint:
    281         return None
--> 282     return display(obj, raw_output=True)
    283 
    284 

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/ipython/display_hooks.py in display(obj, raw_output, **kwargs)
    250     elif isinstance(obj, (CompositeOverlay, ViewableElement)):
    251         with option_state(obj):
--> 252             output = element_display(obj)
    253     elif isinstance(obj, (Layout, NdLayout, AdjointLayout)):
    254         with option_state(obj):

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/ipython/display_hooks.py in wrapped(element)
    144         try:
    145             max_frames = OutputSettings.options['max_frames']
--> 146             mimebundle = fn(element, max_frames=max_frames)
    147             if mimebundle is None:
    148                 return {}, {}

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/ipython/display_hooks.py in element_display(element, max_frames)
    190         return None
    191 
--> 192     return render(element)
    193 
    194 

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/ipython/display_hooks.py in render(obj, **kwargs)
     66         renderer = renderer.instance(fig='png')
     67 
---> 68     return renderer.components(obj, **kwargs)
     69 
     70 

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/plotting/renderer.py in components(self, obj, fmt, comm, **kwargs)
    408                 doc = Document()
    409                 with config.set(embed=embed):
--> 410                     model = plot.layout._render_model(doc, comm)
    411                 if embed:
    412                     return render_model(model, comm)

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/panel/viewable.py in _render_model(self, doc, comm)
    453         if comm is None:
    454             comm = state._comm_manager.get_server_comm()
--> 455         model = self.get_root(doc, comm)
    456 
    457         if config.embed:

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/panel/viewable.py in get_root(self, doc, comm, preprocess)
    510         """
    511         doc = init_doc(doc)
--> 512         root = self._get_model(doc, comm=comm)
    513         if preprocess:
    514             self._preprocess(root)

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/panel/layout/base.py in _get_model(self, doc, root, parent, comm)
    120         if root is None:
    121             root = model
--> 122         objects = self._get_objects(model, [], doc, root, comm)
    123         props = dict(self._init_params(), objects=objects)
    124         model.update(**self._process_param_change(props))

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/panel/layout/base.py in _get_objects(self, model, old_objects, doc, root, comm)
    110             else:
    111                 try:
--> 112                     child = pane._get_model(doc, root, model, comm)
    113                 except RerenderError:
    114                     return self._get_objects(model, current_objects[:i], doc, root, comm)

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/panel/pane/holoviews.py in _get_model(self, doc, root, parent, comm)
    237             plot = self.object
    238         else:
--> 239             plot = self._render(doc, comm, root)
    240 
    241         plot.pane = self

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/panel/pane/holoviews.py in _render(self, doc, comm, root)
    304                 kwargs['comm'] = comm
    305 
--> 306         return renderer.get_plot(self.object, **kwargs)
    307 
    308     def _cleanup(self, root):

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/plotting/bokeh/renderer.py in get_plot(self_or_cls, obj, doc, renderer, **kwargs)
     71         combining the bokeh model with another plot.
     72         """
---> 73         plot = super(BokehRenderer, self_or_cls).get_plot(obj, doc, renderer, **kwargs)
     74         if plot.document is None:
     75             plot.document = Document() if self_or_cls.notebook_context else curdoc()

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/plotting/renderer.py in get_plot(self_or_cls, obj, doc, renderer, comm, **kwargs)
    241             init_key = tuple(v if d is None else d for v, d in
    242                              zip(plot.keys[0], defaults))
--> 243             plot.update(init_key)
    244         else:
    245             plot = obj

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/plotting/plot.py in update(self, key)
    989     def update(self, key):
    990         if len(self) == 1 and ((key == 0) or (key == self.keys[0])) and not self.drawn:
--> 991             return self.initialize_plot()
    992         item = self.__getitem__(key)
    993         self.traverse(lambda x: setattr(x, '_updated', True))

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/geoviews/plotting/bokeh/plot.py in initialize_plot(self, ranges, plot, plots, source)
    111     def initialize_plot(self, ranges=None, plot=None, plots=None, source=None):
    112         opts = {} if isinstance(self, HvOverlayPlot) else {'source': source}
--> 113         fig = super(GeoPlot, self).initialize_plot(ranges, plot, plots, **opts)
    114         if self.geographic and self.show_bounds and not self.overlaid:
    115             from . import GeoShapePlot

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/plotting/bokeh/element.py in initialize_plot(self, ranges, plot, plots)
   2356             if self.tabs:
   2357                 subplot.overlaid = False
-> 2358             child = subplot.initialize_plot(ranges, plot, plots)
   2359             if isinstance(element, CompositeOverlay):
   2360                 # Ensure that all subplots are in the same state

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/geoviews/plotting/bokeh/plot.py in initialize_plot(self, ranges, plot, plots, source)
    111     def initialize_plot(self, ranges=None, plot=None, plots=None, source=None):
    112         opts = {} if isinstance(self, HvOverlayPlot) else {'source': source}
--> 113         fig = super(GeoPlot, self).initialize_plot(ranges, plot, plots, **opts)
    114         if self.geographic and self.show_bounds and not self.overlaid:
    115             from . import GeoShapePlot

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/plotting/bokeh/element.py in initialize_plot(self, ranges, plot, plots, source)
   1413         self.handles['plot'] = plot
   1414 
-> 1415         self._init_glyphs(plot, element, ranges, source)
   1416         if not self.overlaid:
   1417             self._update_plot(key, plot, style_element)

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/plotting/bokeh/element.py in _init_glyphs(self, plot, element, ranges, source)
   1357         else:
   1358             style = self.style[self.cyclic_index]
-> 1359             data, mapping, style = self.get_data(element, ranges, style)
   1360             current_id = element._plot_id
   1361 

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/geoviews/plotting/bokeh/plot.py in get_data(self, element, ranges, style)
    171         if self._project_operation and self.geographic:
    172             element = self._project_operation(element, projection=self.projection)
--> 173         return super(GeoPlot, self).get_data(element, ranges, style)
    174 
    175 

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/plotting/bokeh/path.py in get_data(self, element, ranges, style)
    237         else:
    238             if has_holes:
--> 239                 xs, ys = multi_polygons_data(element)
    240             else:
    241                 xs, ys = (list(element.dimension_values(kd, expanded=False))

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/plotting/bokeh/util.py in multi_polygons_data(element)
    914     correct list of holes is assigned to each sub-polygon.
    915     """
--> 916     xs, ys = (element.dimension_values(kd, expanded=False) for kd in element.kdims)
    917     holes = element.holes()
    918     xsh, ysh = [], []

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/plotting/bokeh/util.py in <genexpr>(.0)
    914     correct list of holes is assigned to each sub-polygon.
    915     """
--> 916     xs, ys = (element.dimension_values(kd, expanded=False) for kd in element.kdims)
    917     holes = element.holes()
    918     xsh, ysh = [], []

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/core/data/__init__.py in pipelined_fn(*args, **kwargs)
    205 
    206             try:
--> 207                 result = method_fn(*args, **kwargs)
    208                 if PipelineMeta.disable:
    209                     return result

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/element/path.py in dimension_values(self, dim, expanded, flat)
    273                 return np.full(len(self), self.level)
    274             return np.array([self.level])
--> 275         return super(Contours, self).dimension_values(dim, expanded, flat)
    276 
    277 

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/core/data/__init__.py in pipelined_fn(*args, **kwargs)
    205 
    206             try:
--> 207                 result = method_fn(*args, **kwargs)
    208                 if PipelineMeta.disable:
    209                     return result

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/holoviews/core/data/__init__.py in dimension_values(self, dimension, expanded, flat)
   1103         """
   1104         dim = self.get_dimension(dimension, strict=True)
-> 1105         values = self.interface.values(self, dim, expanded, flat)
   1106         if dim.nodata is not None:
   1107             # Ensure nodata applies to boolean data in py2

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/geoviews/data/geopandas.py in values(cls, dataset, dimension, expanded, flat, compute, keep_index)
    378         for i, row in data.iterrows():
    379             ds.data = row.to_dict()
--> 380             values.append(ds.interface.values(ds, dimension))
    381             if 'Point' not in geom_type and expanded:
    382                 values.append([np.NaN])

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/geoviews/data/geom_dict.py in values(cls, dataset, dim, expanded, flat, compute, keep_index)
    199             if not g:
    200                 return np.array([])
--> 201             array = geom_to_array(g)
    202             idx = geom_dims.index(d)
    203             return array[:, idx]

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/geoviews/util.py in geom_to_array(geom)
    378         arrays = []
    379         for g in geom:
--> 380             arrays.append(geom_to_arr(g))
    381             arrays.append(np.array([[np.nan, np.nan]]))
    382         return np.concatenate(arrays[:-1]) if arrays else np.array([])

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/geoviews/util.py in geom_to_arr(geom)
    330         data = geom.array_interface()
    331         return np.array(data['data']).reshape(data['shape'])[:, :2]
--> 332     arr = geom.array_interface_base['data']
    333 
    334     if (len(arr) % 2) != 0:

/usr/local/pyenv/versions/3.9.7/lib/python3.9/site-packages/shapely/geometry/base.py in array_interface_base(self)
    324             "removed in Shapely 2.0.",
    325             ShapelyDeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
--> 326         return self._array_interface_base()
    327 
    328     @property

TypeError: 'dict' object is not callable
:Overlay
   .Polygons.I :Polygons   [Longitude,Latitude]
   .WMTS.I     :WMTS   [Longitude,Latitude]

So this only was a very small look at the capability of HoloViz for data exploration and visualisation. There are much more you can do with HoloViz, but I think it is a package you should have a look at, because with only a few lines of code you can create an interactive plot which allow you to have an quick but also deep look at your data. I really recommend to visit the official HoloViz Tutorial and start using HoloViz :)

What’s next?